This oscillation can feel a bit like whiplash. Trump’s loss in 2020, interventions by the courts to block
some of his most brazen moves and the prospect of a Democratic romp in the midterm elections
sustain the aberration theory. But other developments — Trump’s popular-vote triumph in 2024, the
near total submission of the Republican Party to his will and the Supreme Court’s grant of sweeping
immunity to Trump for potentially criminal acts committed as president — suggest the opposite.
The war in Iran has shattered this binary. It is, to be sure, the product of Trump’s unique recklessness,
as he plunges heedlessly into a conflict his predecessors had been wise to avoid. Yet it is also the
logical terminus of decades of American history — the country’s addiction to technological wizardry
to wage war at a distance, the blinkered belief that it could shape events in faraway places by force,
the steady whittling away of constitutional limits on the presidency.
Is Trump a freak of history or its fulfillment, an aberration or a culmination? The answer, surely, is
both. But in the course of his presidency, Trump has revealed a much older malady: America’s
unshakable faith in its ability to shape the world to its liking, indifferent to what others might want
and supremely confident that its plan is the right one. Beyond Trump, it’s this disfiguring mentality
we Americans must face.
In December 1952, a Scottish scholar named Denis Brogan published a remarkable essay titled “The
Illusion of American Omnipotence.” Writing as the United States was emerging as the world’s pre-
eminent power, Brogan diagnosed a peculiar feature of the American mind. The United States, fueled
by its myths and unswervingly certain of its vision for the world, could not see difficulty, much less
defeat, as a reason to question its aims. Failure was never brought about through the strength or power
of rivals. It came, instead, through blunder and betrayal.
“Very many Americans, it seems to me, find it inconceivable that an American policy, announced and
carried out by the American government, acting with the support of the American people, does not
immediately succeed,” Brogan wrote. “If it does not, this, they feel, must be because of stupidity or
treason.” An admiring but canny observer of the country, Brogan captured something essential.
America, in its own imagination, could never fail; it could only be failed.
In its struggle against global communism through the Cold War, the country had ample opportunity
to show off the reflex. When China’s insurgent communists triumphed, Brogan wrote, it was widely
understood as a result of American bungling or treachery. China, a vast and ancient civilization, was
seen as something for America to win or lose. That failure helped give rise to the paranoia of
McCarthyism. Korea, Vietnam and more covert disasters were further tinder to recrimination, long
after the senator had gone. Failure could come only from internal betrayal, an idea that paradoxically
bolstered the illusion of omnipotence.
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, America had the chance to experience the full weight of
its might. It had defeated the evil empire and stood alone as the most powerful nation the world had
ever known, its former failings folded into a story of success. America’s swift and decisive victory in
the gulf war that year was a showcase of the superpower’s military prowess. The United States would
become the world’s policeman, putting its soldiers on the line to protect a rules-based order it led.
Yet it didn’t take long for the old pattern of failure followed by recrimination to re-emerge. America
persuaded a rapidly growing China to further liberalize its economy, confident that it would become
something more like America — an open and free society. When this gambit produced the China shock, hollowing out American manufacturing as China grew richer, more powerful and more
autocratic, Americans would cry betrayal by their political leaders. China and its leaders hardly
featured in the narrative.